Peran Kalmodulin, Likopen, Avidin, dan Fitat dalam Sistem Biologis dan Nutrisi (Mini Review)

Abstract

Recent advances in molecular biology and nutritional science have revealed that various biological molecules play fundamental roles in regulating cellular metabolism, physiological homeostasis, and nutrient utilization efficiency. Calmodulin functions as a primary intracellular calcium sensor that mediates signal transduction pathways involved in gene expression, energy metabolism, muscle contraction, and immune responses. Lycopene, a non-provitamin A carotenoid with potent antioxidant properties, contributes to cellular protection against oxidative stress and plays a preventive role in the development of chronic degenerative diseases. In contrast, avidin and phytic acid exhibit complex and context-dependent roles in biological and nutritional systems. Avidin possesses an exceptionally high affinity for biotin, influencing vitamin bioavailability while also serving as a critical tool in modern biotechnological and diagnostic applications. Phytic acid acts as the principal storage form of phosphorus in plant tissues but can reduce mineral and protein bioavailability through the formation of insoluble complexes. However, emerging evidence suggests that phytic acid also exhibits beneficial bioactive properties, including antioxidant activity and protective effects against metabolic disorders. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular functions and nutritional implications of calmodulin, lycopene, avidin, and phytic acid, highlighting recent advances, functional paradoxes, and their relevance in metabolic regulation, precision nutrition, and future biotechnological applications.

Keywords: Kalmodulin; Lycopene; Avidin; Phytic acid; Calcium signaling; Antioxidant; Nutrient bioavailability; Antinutritional factors; Molecular regulation