The Philosophical Approach in Islamic Studies: An Integrative Analysis of Ontology, Epistemology, Axiology, Logic, and Critical Thinking

Abstract

Contemporary Islamic studies requires an analytical framework that connects philosophical concepts that are often discussed separately. This study aims to analyze the interrelationship among ontology, epistemology, axiology, logic, and critical thinking from an Islamic perspective and to formulate an integrative framework. It employs a library research method with philosophical-analytical and comparative approaches, drawing on classical works of Islamic philosophy (al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali, and Ibn Rushd), academic books, and journal articles. The findings show that (1) Islamic ontology is theistic, positing God as the Absolute Being and the source of all existence; (2) Islamic epistemology recognizes plural sources of knowledge, namely revelation, reason, experience, and spiritual reflection; (3) axiology directs knowledge toward truth, justice, public benefit, and devotion to God; (4) logic serves as an instrument of systematic reasoning; and (5) critical thinking in Islam is articulated through tafakkur, tadabbur, ta'aqqul, ulul albab, and tabayyun, so that it is not merely cognitive but also ethical and spiritual. These five dimensions form an integrative and dialectical framework rather than a linear sequence. The article contributes an integrative five-dimension cycle and a comparison between Islamic critical thinking and general conceptions, which can serve as a methodological foundation for Islamic studies and postgraduate Islamic education.